I was thinking about the Europe-wide dimension of this activity.
The context is I just came across Christopher Dawson's book "Religion and the Rise of Western Culture", which is actually a reprint of a (second) series of Gifford Lectures that he delivered in Edinburgh.
Dawson is interesting inasmuch as he has the ambition, and breadth of learning, of someone like Toynbee (or earlier German scholars) and I think no-one would attempt so much now. But maybe, reservations on one side, there's something to be said for making the attempt. So here's what he says:
"... the victory of Eudes at Montfaucon in 888, and the still more important success of Arnulf in 891, when he stormed the camp of the main Viking army at Louvain, marked the turn of the tide. The Vikings once more diverted their efforts against King Alfred in the great invasion of 892-96 ..."
Doesn't this elegantly make the point that there's a wider context to the Viking incursions than merely what Englishmen would think of as "our national story" (though it is that too)? The Northmen were operating on a wider stage and mightn't have undertaken the Great Invasion had they not failed at Louvain. What a thought!
Michael