After having read all your fiction, I have just finished your book about the battle who shaped the future Europe.
Napoleon did very little or did nothing to help his army. I have heard, read or seen, that he suffered from stomach cramps.
You did not mention this. Because you do not believe it? Because it can't be proven?
Why would an experienced warrior like him, be so absent from the command?
A great book and one I recommend to all.
Bjorn Jacobsen
Was Napoleon ill? He never claimed that, but I think there's no doubt that he was, at best, lackadaisical on June 18th, 1815. One account claims that he left the battlefield to have leeches applied to his piles (which I mention), but that seems dubious; no-one else remembered that and it is the sort of thing that would appear in memoirs. I do discuss the various ailments ascribed to the Emperor on pp. 121-122 and decided to leave it at that. Some eye-witnesses said Napoleon was in very good health, others not, the evidence is confusing and, as I said, Napoleon never blamed the loss on his own health. He was, plainly, extremely tired, as was Wellington, but adrenaline must have compensated to an extent. I think what he really suffered from was fatalism! It does seem that Ney ordered the cavalry attacks independently, but Napoleon had plenty of time (piles or not) to call the assaults off and he never did.